|
郭宝胜:神学院的规定岂能践踏公民权利?
(博讯北京时间2016年12月11日 转载)
来源:(台湾)民报 作者:郭宝胜
长期以来,海内外包括中国、台湾、香港和美欧华人教会都持守一个不知来自何处的规则,就是基督徒不能发表政见和从事政治,不仅在教会和神学院里,而且在社会上基督徒也不该发表政见、行使政治权利,并且美其名曰:「政教分离」和「不爱这个世界」。如果有基督徒违反这种规则,轻则被议论、劝告,重则劝退、开除,这种严重违背现代人权原则和基督教本身原则的现象已经成为华人基督教界的习惯与共识。
最近披露出来的一份美国北加州基督工人神学院的内部规定,就明显地延续了基督徒不得发表政见的华人教会界规则,将神学生由美国宪法所赋予的言论自由等人权剥夺殆尽,在不主张社会公义和社会关怀的华人教会界非常具有典型性。这份于2016年2月22日发给每位神学生的基督工人神学院《关于学生参与政治活动》的规定中英文全文如下:
关于学生参与政治活动(On Student Participation in Political Activities)
基督工人神学院为在美国注册的501(c)(3)非营利宗教机构,美国税法严禁此类机构直接或间接参与或影响某候选人竞选公职的活动(注a, b) 。此外,基神的宗旨乃是为基督培育牧会及宣教工人,其学生若积极参与政治活动有违此宗旨,且不符合就学的动机。因此,本院学生得以个人身分行使政府所赋予的公民权责,但无论在美国国内或国外,不得以任何方式公开支持或反对某候选人或某政党及其政治理念。任何学生违反此规定,本院得终止其学籍。
Christian Witness Theological Seminary is a registered religious nonprofit organization in the United States. Under the IRS code, religious nonprofit organizations are absolutely prohibited from directly or indirectly participating in, or intervening in, any political campaign on behalf of (or in opposition to ) any candidate for elective public office (note a, b). Besides, the seminary's mission is to equip church ministers and missionaries for Christ. Its students' prominent participation in political activities would be inconsistent with the seminary's mission and their intent of acquiring religious education. Therefore, while students are encouraged to play a role as responsible citizens exercising the rights given by the government, they are prohibited by the seminary from participating in politicaal activities publicly, either in the United States or in any other country, by any means to support or oppose any candidate or any party or their political ideas. Any student who has violated this regulation is liable to be dismissed from the seminary.
注a (note a): https://www.irs.gov/Charities-&-Non-Profits/Charitable-Organizations/The-Restriction-of-Political-Campaign-Intervention-by-Section-501(c)(3)-Tax-Exempt-Organizations
注b (note b): www.irs.gov/pub/irs-pdf/p1828.pdf
我们可以详细地从中英文信息来分析这份决定。首先,该规定错误引用了美国税法中501(c)(3)非营利宗教机构的有关规定。该法律只是规定了501(c)(3)非营利宗教机构本身如教会、神学院等不得参与选举及相关行为,该法律既没有规定教会、神学院等宗教机构本身不得参与除选举外的其他政治行为,尤其没有对教会、神学院等宗教机构里面的每个成员的言论自由和政治权利进行限制。如果从美国税法的此条规定推出神学院学生不得拥有言论自由和包括选举在内的所有政治权利,那分明是强词夺理、毫无逻辑的。
该规定引用的注解a的英文是:
The Restriction of Political Campaign Intervention by Section 501(c)(3) Tax-Exempt Organizations
Under the Internal Revenue Code, all section 501(c)(3) organizations are absolutely prohibited from directly or indirectly participating in, or intervening in, any political campaign on behalf of (or in opposition to) any candidate for elective public office. Contributions to political campaign funds or public statements of position (verbal or written) made on behalf of the organization in favor of or in opposition to any candidate for public office clearly violate the prohibition against political campaign activity. Violating this prohibition may result in denial or revocation of tax-exempt status and the imposition of certain excise taxes.
Certain activities or expenditures may not be prohibited depending on the facts and circumstances. For example, certain voter education activities (including presenting public forums and publishing voter education guides) conducted in a non-partisan manner do not constitute prohibited political campaign activity. In addition, other activities intended to encourage people to participate in the electoral process, such as voter registration and get-out-the-vote drives, would not be prohibited political campaign activity if conducted in a non-partisan manner.
On the other hand, voter education or registration activities with evidence of bias that (a) would favor one candidate over another; (b) oppose a candidate in some manner; or (c) have the effect of favoring a candidate or group of candidates, will constitute prohibited participation or intervention.
Page Last Reviewed or Updated: 13-Sep-2016
注解a的英文主要的意思是作为所有第501(c)(3)条的非营利的免税组织,组织本身不能参加支持或反对候选人、捐款资助竞选活动等与选举有关的活动,否则可能导致撤销免税地位等处罚。但该条也允许以上组织可以进行某些选举活动,如某些选民教育活动(包括举办公共论坛和出版选民教育指南),旨在鼓励人们参与选举过程的其他活动,如选民登记和选举投票等。
基督工人神学院《关于学生参与政治活动》的规定引用的注解b为《501(c)(3)Tax Guide for Churches & Religious Organizations》,其中英文表达的原则跟注解a中是完全一致的,只是更加详细地说明了教会和宗教机构如何在竞选活动中担当合法的角色,重要的原则是:组织本身不能介入选举和竞选活动,但组织内的个人可以以个人身份履行投票、助选等政治权利。如《501(c)(3)Tax Guide for Churches & Religious Organizations》中的一节有关宗教领袖在选举中的言论问题,如此写到:
Individual Activity by Religious Leaders
The political campaign activity prohibition isn’t intended to restrict free expression on political matters by leaders of churches or religious organizations speaking for themselves, as individuals.
Nor are leaders prohibited from speaking about important issues of public policy. However, for their organizations to remain tax exempt under IRC Section 501(c)(3), religious leaders can’t make partisan comments in official organization publications or at official church functions.
To avoid potential attribution of their comments outside of church functions and publications, religious leaders who speak or write in their individual capacity are encouraged to clearly indicate that their comments are personal and not intended to represent the views of the organization.
这里说禁止教会及宗教组织的竞选活动的目的不是限制宗教领袖以个人身份自由表达政治见解;但宗教领袖不应以教会等组织名义而应该以个人身份发言或写作,宗教领袖可以清楚地表明他们的意见是个人的,而不是代表组织的意见。
总之,通过以上对美国税法有关教会、神学院的相关规定的研究,我们的结论就是该法律虽然禁止教会、神学院不得参与选举及相关行为,但对教会、神学院的其他政治行为并没有禁止,对宗教领袖和教会、神学院里的成员以个人身份发表政治见解并履行竞选、投票在内的各项政治权利也没有进行禁止。可见,基督工人神学院以美国税法为依据禁止该院神学生履行政治权利是毫无法律依据的。
其实最让人震惊的是《关于学生参与政治活动》的规定的后半部分,这里写道:「但无论在美国国内或国外,不得以任何方式公开支持或反对某候选人或某政党及其政治理念」,否则开除。这条规定出现在以民主自由着称于世的美国社会显得极其野蛮和荒谬,它的意思是只要你是该院神学生,无论在院里院外,也无论在美国、中国或其他地方,都不能发表政治言论,因为你一发表,就涉嫌支持或反对某一政党的理念。所以只要你是基督工人神学院学生,你在中国就不能支持或反对共产党,在美国你就不能反对或支持、投票给共和党或民主党,在台湾你既不能支持或反对民进党也不能支持或反对国民党,总之,你不能有任何的政治见解。
此条规定分明是把在读神学生当做毫无公民权利的现代奴隶,也分明是在神学院内外一切地方要实施剥夺神学生政治权利的戒严行动。在这条规定下,基督工人神学院学生就政治权利而言俨然处于白色恐怖下台湾的戒严时代,也俨然处于毫无言论自由的北韩等共产国家。该规定之践踏美国宪法、令世人愤慨和震惊。
众所周知,宪法是一个国家的最高法和基本法,任何法律法规,都不得与宪法相抵触,美国宪法第一修正案中特别强调了公民具有言论自由权利(国会不得制定有关下列事项的法律:确立一种宗教或禁止信仰自由:剥夺言论自由或出版自由:或剥夺人民和平集会及向政府要求伸冤的权利。Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances),这是不能被任何法律法规所要剥夺的,如果剥夺了,完全可以进行违宪审查。而对明显违宪的基督工人神学院《关于学生参与政治活动》的规定,完全有必要进行违宪审查。
最后希望通过对《关于学生参与政治活动》的规定的个案分析和审查,能对至今还迷失在「基督徒不能表达政见」等谬误中的华人教会界信徒们给以警醒,能为基督徒履行文化使命、积极「治理管理」、承担光盐本分、申张社会公义做出一份贡献。
(博讯 boxun.com)(本文只代表作者或者发稿团体的观点、立场) 1240130
|
|
|
|
|